A Steak in Genomics™

Research highlights the need for cattle genetic tests that can look for the presence of specific adaptations, such as heat resistance. Read the research article at  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009652 . Written by Austin Fitzgerald As a fourth-generation cattle farmer, Jared Decker knows that cattle suffer from health and productivity issues when they are taken from one environment--which the herd has spent generations adapting to--to a place with a different climate, a different elevation or even different grass. But as a researcher at the University of Missouri, Decker also sees an opportunity to use science to solve this problem, both to improve the welfare of cattle and to plug a leak in a nearly $50 billion industry in the U.S. “When I joined MU in 2013, I moved cattle from a family farm in New Mexico to my farm here in Missouri,” said Decker, an associate professor and Wurdack Chair in Animal Genomics at the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. “New Me...

 On December 3rd, Harly Durbin, a PhD student in my group, successfully defended her PhD dissertation. You can watch a video of her public seminar, in which she discusses hair shedding and genotype-by-environment interactions for growth.  Congratulations Harly!

My group has posted a new preprint on bioRxiv .  You can check it out here:  https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.11.988121 Warning, it is written for a technical audience, not in cowboy terms. So- what are the take-home messages for farmers and ranchers? We can identify the DNA variants responding to your selection decisions. You tend to select cattle that have better immune systems. Hormone production in the ovaries is under selection in Red Angus. Makes sense based on the breed's focus on fertility. Muscle development is under selection in Gelbvieh.  We can identify the DNA variants that lead to cattle adapted to their environment Blood vessel tightening or loosening is under environmental selection. The brain and neuron signaling is an important part of environmental adaptation. We are losing local adaptation in beef cattle. Check out this Twitter thread to see figures from the paper. https://twitter.com/pop_gen_JED/status/1258786262149808131 Regarding the last point, we c...

Are cattle responsible for 51% of greenhouse gas emissions? How can technology help? Head over to the Show-Me Ag website to see Jared Decker discuss beef cattle, the environment and genetics. https://www.kmos.org/ShowMeAg/ Episode from December 12, 2019 (2019/12/12, titled "Cattle Genetics").

By Troy Rowan and Jared Decker, PhD, University of Missouri Reprinted with permission of the ASA SimTalk magazine , from the Late Fall 2017 issue . The United States is home to diverse climates and geographies. Over the past 150 years, beef cattle have found their way into nearly every one of these unique environments. Some cattle thrive in particular environments, while others struggle. Animals well-suited to an environment performed well and are selected to stay in herds. Poorly-suited animals are culled. As a result, selection occurred on traits that improved cattle performance in different environments. Now, resulting from this selection, there may be a significant amount of region-specific genetic diversity, even within the same breed. In a USDA-funded research project, we are looking to find the DNA variants responsible for this environmental adaption. We will then use these variants to create geographic region-specific genomic predictions. Local Adaptation Animals that ar...

Last week I had the opportunity to speak with Julie Harker of Brownfield Ag News. Head over to Brownfield Ag News to listen to our conversation. At Mizzou, we are working to create new tools that will stack the deck for farmers and ranchers to be more sustainable. That sustainability includes environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and, perhaps most importantly, profitability. Thanks to Julie for taking time to conduct the interview and publish it!

Raluca Mateescu University of Florida What is heat stress? There are several sources of heat that affect cattle. The first and most important is heat from the sun.  This is amplified when the humidity is high. Metabolic heat from digesting feed. This heat is higher for forage compared to grain. In response to extreme heat, cows will: Regulate internal heat production (eat less, reduce growth, lactation, and activity) Regulate heat exchange (increase blood flow to the skin, increase sweating & panting) We would prefer that cattle increase their heat exchange and keep their production high. Heat stress is when the cow's internal temperature increases above normal levels. We can also expect more areas of the country to be affected by heat and humidity. So, how do we select cattle that can cope with heat stress? In swine, poulty and dairy production we use climate control to manage heat stress. This is not feasible in beef cow-calf production where cattle ...

Dr. Clay Mathias King Ranch Institute After adjusting for inflation, there was an 18% increase in calf value from 1990 to 2015. The big cost categories are Depreciation, Feed, and Labor. The drivers of these are corn, oil, ag land and minimum wage. Corn cost increased 24%. Oil increased 284%. Ag land increased by 134%. Labor only increased by 9%. "Like calf prices, all of these increased more than inflation." Mathias said. We have seen a 30 to 50 lb increase in weaning weight over the past 20 years in the seedstock sector. We have data-driven tools for selection decisions such as genomic-enhanced EPDs. In Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma: Pregnancy rate from 1993 to 1995 was 89%. In 2013 to 2015 it was 90%. Weaning rate from 1993 to 1995 was 84%. In 2013 to 2015 it was 84%. Weaning weight from 1993 to 1995 was 525 lbs. In 2013 to 2015 it was 525 lbs. Pounds of calf weaned/cow exposed was 439 lbs. It was 438 lbs. in 2013 to 2015. Identical trends are see...

Here are videos from the American Simmental Association's Facebook livestream of my presentation titled "Taking Technology Home to the Farm and Ranch." Tradition Intuition Legacy Seedstock Producers as Educators Decker's Rants EPDs and Environment  Q&A Loading...

Dr. Dave Lalman Oklahoma State University Lalman points out that we have made tremendous change for post weaning growth. Right now finished cattle weights are increasing at a rate of 9.4 pounds per year. Carcass weights are increasing by 5.7 pounds per year. Marbling has also increased over time. Compared with 1995, we have seen fewer yield grade 1s and 2s, but we have seen more yield grade 4s and 5s. The number of yield grade 3s has increased from 34.2% to 46.7%. The cow-calf sector and the entire industry have responded for the need for increased post-weaning performance and carcass quality. The increase in calf prices has increased by $5.25 per hundred weight (cwt) per year. The increase in costs has increase by $5 per year. Profitability appears to not have changed that much. Lalman discussed analyses by Pendell and coworkers published in 2015, in which they analyzed Kansas Farm Management Association data. The data had information from 79 operations with data from 201...

Two experiences motivated me to research local genetic adaptation in beef cattle. First of all, as an extension specialist, when I visited with farmers and ranchers across the state of Missouri, you quickly find out that fescue toxicity and sensitivity are important issues for Missouri farmers and ranchers. Further, in the fall of 2013, my mom brought three head of her cattle to graze my pastures at my little farm. One of the cows completely fell apart on the fescue. I started thinking about this problem and soon realized my experience in population genetics could be used to address the issue. In 2015, the USDA had a call for proposals to use breeding and genomics to address local genetic adaptation. After several nights of working till 4am, I had a proposal ready to be submitted in June. To my great surprise, in October I found out my grant was one of two selected for funding (a 5% funding rate). Last week, the USDA made the award announcement public. Local genetic adaptation i...

Researchers to use genomics to better understand hair shedding *Update 28 June 2016: We have recruited all of the animals that we have funds to genotype. We are still happy to receive hair shedding scores, especially for animals with GE-EPDs. But, we will not be collecting any more DNA samples to genotype additional animals. It’s time to pick a new AI sire. You identify a promising sire, but then you are left with a question. Will his daughters work in your environment and the environment of your customers? A new research project lead by researchers at the University of Missouri, Texas A&M, University of Arkansas and DeltaG will use existing data to look for genetic adaptation to regional beef production environments. Much of this research will look for gene-by-environment interactions. When gene-by-environment interactions exist, some genetic variants have large effects in some environments and small effects in others. This leads to cattle that perform poorly i...